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= //**Sudan History**// = == = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =[|www.csmonitor.com/ 2004/1210/p06s01-woaf.html]=


 * In 1821** Turco-Egyptian army conquers central and northern Sudan.


 * In 1885** the seige of Khartoum ends with the death of General Gordon, leading the Egyptian forces against the Mahdi, a religious leader. Mahdist state established.


 * In 1892** the Belgians capture Western Equatoria--including parts of northern Uganda.


 * In 1898** Anglo-Egyptian forces under General Kitchener defeat the Mahdist forces at Omdurman and establish an Anglo-Egyptian "condominium" to run the country. The British recognize North and South as separate entities but fail to develop local Southern economic and administrative structures.


 * Between 1930 and 1940** nationalist politics develop rapidly in the North. Southern Sudan is less keen on independence, as people are unprepared and unconsulted. In 1955 the first civil war begins.


 * In 1956** Sudan becomes independent. General Abboud takes over in 1958 and begins a program of Islamicization. In 1963 the Anyanya movement for Southern secession is formed.


 * In 1965** there is a civilian government. In 1969 Colonel Jafar Mohammed Nimeiri takes power in a military coup, promising socialism, but he soon finds himself changing his aims to accommodate the powerful Islamic lobby.


 * In 1972** the Addis Ababa agreement ends the war in Sudan and promises development and autonomy in the South. There is peace for 10 years, though debt spirals and prices rise.


 * In 1983** Nimeiri introduces Islamic sharia law, which is fiercely opposed by the South. Civil war resumes. The Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/SPLM) is formed with Colonel Dr. John Garang at its head.


 * In 1984 and 1985** there are famine in western and eastern parts of the country and widespread strikes and demonstrations. A popular uprising overthrows Nimeiri and General Suwar al Dahab is asked to take power.


 * In 1986** elections result in a government under Sadiq al-Mahdi. In 1987 al-Mahdi declares a state of emergency. In 1988 there is famine in the South, and 250,000 people die.


 * In 1989** backed by the National Islamic Front (NIF), Lt-General Hassan al-Bashir takes over and bans all political parties. The cease-fire with the SPLA breaks down. The National Democratic Alliance, a coalition of Northern and Southern Sudanese opposition forces, is formed.


 * In August of 1991** the SPLA splits. In September tens of thousands of people die from hunger-related diseases. In October the Khartoum army seals off the Nuba mountains and begins operations to drive out the Nuba and destroy SPLA strength in the area.


 * In March 1992** the Khartoum government launches its largest-ever offensive against the SPLA--100,000 people are displaced. There is fighting between different splinter groups in the South. The UN estimates the death toll in southern Sudan to have reached 1.3 million.


 * In March 1995** the Khartoum Government announces a cease-fire with the SPLA, which breaks down in August. Widespread arrests, detentions, and torture by the government continue. In April the Ugandan government severs diplomatic relations with Khartoum. The Khartoum government steps up aerial bombardments of the South.

Source Citation "History of Sudan." //New Internationalist// Sept. 1996: 26-7. //Student Resource Center - Gold//. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. .


 * //Fun Sudan History Interactive Link://** []